Jamaican anger over slave trade

**evanovitch** · 05-12-2009, 06:11 PM

Re: Jamaican anger over slave trade

<div class="ubbcode-block"><div class="ubbcode-header">Originally Posted By: uswe</div><div class="ubbcode-body"><div class="ubbcode-block"><div class="ubbcode-header">Originally Posted By: Tuff Gong</div><div class="ubbcode-body"><div class="ubbcode-block"><div class="ubbcode-header">Originally Posted By: uswe</div><div class="ubbcode-body">One of the main protagonists of the "Troubles" Dudley Thompson, a former Minister Foreign Affairs was born in Panama. </div></div>...and is now safely ensconce in South Florida far away from the madness he help to orchestrate whilst Eddie Blinds is still living in Jamaica. </div></div>

Now thats what I call <span style="font-weight: bold">a true patriot, Dudley Thompson </span>that is! </div></div>

that he is , that he is...from the days of Jomo come fawud...

**blugiant** · 05-12-2009, 06:26 PM

Re: Jamaican anger over slave trade

<div class="ubbcode-block"><div class="ubbcode-header">Originally Posted By: jah_yout</div><div class="ubbcode-body"><div class="ubbcode-block"><div class="ubbcode-header">Originally Posted By: blakkgiant</div><div class="ubbcode-body"><div class="ubbcode-block"><div class="ubbcode-header">Originally Posted By: jah_yout</div><div class="ubbcode-body">it's sad to see the way jamaicans are now disgracing our brave ancestors by killing more of ourselves than the british did...

aye sah- jamaica mi pray fi yu </div></div>

iss de murdar rate iigha now dan wen dem mzungu enslavahs were murdarrinn afrikkans? mii wanda wat inn awl dem slaves pitt inn ja? mii wandar bout awl dem sink oole fill widd crocs wey dem use fii chrow de afrikkans inn? mii wandar bout awl dem afrikkans wey gitt killed bye mzungu fii puttinn upp a resistance? <span style="font-weight: bold">itt sad fii wii disgrace owa ancestars bye minimizinn dem suffarrinn.</span> wii tand pon dem prouds afrikkans woo cantribution made uss de blakk survivors </div></div>

you can't be serious;
you are comparing slave-driver killing of africans with african killing of africans?
apples & oranges...one is enemy inflicted while one is self inflicted </div></div>

aff course mii seereeuss

mii memba ootel rwanda. dere were callabaratars. yu meen yu neva knoo afrikkan use fii war widd dem afrikkans wey wass invalved widd mzungu inn enslavinn blakks

**Wahalla** · 05-12-2009, 06:40 PM

Re: Jamaican anger over slave trade

<div class="ubbcode-block"><div class="ubbcode-header">Originally Posted By: jah_yout</div><div class="ubbcode-body"><div class="ubbcode-block"><div class="ubbcode-header">Originally Posted By: Wahalla</div><div class="ubbcode-body">I am curious.. how many on here ever made a living chapping cane ???? </div></div>

only chopped cane for fun dunga canepiece and run weh from ranger...

my ancestors had it different </div></div>

I got a few days wuk chapping cane... singularly unpleasant.. but less so than breaking stone...

A question what did our ancestors do on the 1st of August 1838 ??? Bun housing ?? complain about rascism ???? or the slave trade ... most spent the night before in church... the next moring they went and collected their children and looked to the future.. they never wasted a moment on anger... they went to exploit every meager oppertunity despite the infinate obstaciles... and we are here begging reparations on their behalf dont seem right..

but personally as I claim Taino heritage.. maybe I should express anger at the part the new comers did to the enviromenttal degradation...

**Tuff Gong** · 05-12-2009, 08:34 PM

Re: Jamaican anger over slave trade

<div class="ubbcode-block"><div class="ubbcode-header">Originally Posted By: remo</div><div class="ubbcode-body">some unno mek di biggest don jamaica ever created sound almost saint like......only the good die young....CIAaga proove dat ole saying is true </div></div>Who is making him saint like? Where so far has that taken place?
It always do natural for Jamaicans to lie and blow thing so out of proportion?

You might have a point if Jamaicans can whitewash three of the most corrupted leaders Jamaica had ever seen Menlie, Batterson and Portia Simpson-Miller, maybe Eddie Blinds can be allowed to live in peace.

**Tuff Gong** · 05-12-2009, 08:36 PM

Re: Jamaican anger over slave trade

<div class="ubbcode-block"><div class="ubbcode-header">Originally Posted By: blakkgiant</div><div class="ubbcode-body">iss de murdar rate iigha now dan wen dem mzungu enslavahs were murdarrinn afrikkans? mii wanda wat inn awl dem slaves pitt inn ja? </div></div>Just want to ask a question do you really believe that Slaveholders were murdering their slaves in any significant numbers?

**Tuff Gong** · 05-12-2009, 08:41 PM

Re: Jamaican anger over slave trade

<div class="ubbcode-block"><div class="ubbcode-header">Originally Posted By: uswe</div><div class="ubbcode-body">Now thats what I call a true patriot, Dudley Thompson that is! </div></div>

Yes a man who could orchestrate the burning, looting, chasing out of folks out of their country based on race and politics they moving to away to safety is a true patriot. I hope he wakes up in cold sweat every night!

**Wahalla** · 05-13-2009, 02:48 AM

Re: Jamaican anger over slave trade

<div class="ubbcode-block"><div class="ubbcode-header">Originally Posted By: Tuff Gong</div><div class="ubbcode-body"><div class="ubbcode-block"><div class="ubbcode-header">Originally Posted By: blakkgiant</div><div class="ubbcode-body">iss de murdar rate iigha now dan wen dem mzungu enslavahs were murdarrinn afrikkans? mii wanda wat inn awl dem slaves pitt inn ja? </div></div>Just want to ask a question do you really believe that Slaveholders were murdering their slaves in any significant numbers? </div></div>

not really.. rather using them under feeding them and hurting them. if they burnt the big house then death..if their children died by unexplauned reason death.. after all they were assests... even the returned runaways were sold... death rate in Jamaica was extremely high... after a rebellion a decimation...or similar.. on a day to day level destroying an assest for no apparent reason.... a bit like a farmer killing a cow for pleasure...

.. and I suspect that freeing them after a life time of work.....(I bet that gets misintrepreted....but it is usually a missed detail of what happened....and part of the horror of it...)

**barosa** · 05-13-2009, 02:57 PM

Re: Jamaican anger over slave trade

One punishment was the force feeding of human excrement.
Author for BBC: Clive Myrie

<span style="font-weight: bold">Is this an historical fact?</span> or made up and added to heightened the real impact of slavery. ~ I ask because never in my readings and "studyration" of slavery in Jamaica, did I ever come across anything like that...

The author's name sound Jamaican, but dat no mean nutt'n. If he got it from "reference materials" he should be encouraged to "make it known" while making it public... In this day and age, proof is everything...
____________________________

It's not where you are FROM that matters,
it's where you are heading...

**Dr.Dudd** · 05-13-2009, 03:02 PM

Re: Jamaican anger over slave trade

<div class="ubbcode-block"><div class="ubbcode-header">Originally Posted By: barosa</div><div class="ubbcode-body">One punishment was the force feeding of human excrement.
Author for BBC: Clive Myrie

<span style="font-weight: bold">Is this an historical fact?</span> or made up and added to heightened the real impact of slavery. ~ I ask because never in my readings and "studyration" of slavery in Jamaica, did I ever come across anything like that...

The author's name sound Jamaican, but dat no mean nutt'n. If he got it from "reference materials" he should be encouraged to "make it known" while making it public... In this day and age, proof is everything...
____________________________

It's not where you are FROM that matters,
it's where you are heading... </div></div> That was a part of the punishment of slaves in Jamaica.

You should try to read the history stored in the UK. Did you read that they use to throw unsold slaves over board, to clooect insurance for them too>>

**Tuff Gong** · 05-13-2009, 05:17 PM

Re: Jamaican anger over slave trade

<div class="ubbcode-block"><div class="ubbcode-header">Originally Posted By: Dr.Dudd</div><div class="ubbcode-body"> That was a part of the punishment of slaves in Jamaica.</div></div>

You are certain about that?
I have never heard that one.
But why would a human being want to use excrement to punish another, especially if they would want them to continue working and living in close contact with other workers?

Wouldn't messing with crap and all that it entails endanger the whole village, based on the risk of cholera and other water borne diseases?

**barosa** · 05-13-2009, 05:28 PM

Re: Jamaican anger over slave trade

<div class="ubbcode-block"><div class="ubbcode-header">Originally Posted By: Dr.Dudd</div><div class="ubbcode-body"><div class="ubbcode-block"><div class="ubbcode-header">Originally Posted By: barosa</div><div class="ubbcode-body">One punishment was the force feeding of human excrement.
Author for BBC: Clive Myrie

<span style="font-weight: bold">Is this an historical fact?</span> or made up and added to heightened the real impact of slavery. ~ I ask because never in my readings and "studyration" of slavery in Jamaica, did I ever come across anything like that...

The author's name sound Jamaican, but dat no mean nutt'n. If he got it from "reference materials" he should be encouraged to "make it known" while making it public... In this day and age, proof is everything...
____________________________

It's not where you are FROM that matters,
it's where you are heading... </div></div> That was a part of the punishment of slaves in Jamaica.

You should try to read the history stored in the UK. Did you read that they use to throw unsold slaves over board, to clooect insurance for them too>> </div></div>

Doc, you always reply to many a post without dealing with the queries or questions being asked or discussed about the topic in those posts. If you knew, I think you would be more fothcomming rather than being so flippant with your responses... We all know how terrible the institution of slavery was. Did you read and understood what I specifically asked about?... Why did you not made some connection to it instead of going off in generalities? If YOU did read those books stored in the UK then help us out, or help out Mr Myrie by "referencing" his words here. If YOU haven't and Myrie did, then the least You could do, is to get him to "reference" the book, chapter and verse. You may have read EVERYTHING there is to read about Slavery, I'm sure I haven't...
______________________________

It's not where you're FROM that matters,
it's where you are Going...

**Tuff Gong** · 05-13-2009, 05:47 PM

Re: Jamaican anger over slave trade

<div class="ubbcode-block"><div class="ubbcode-header">Originally Posted By: barosa</div><div class="ubbcode-body">Doc, you always reply to many a post without dealing with the queries or questions being asked or discussed about the topic in those posts. If you knew, I think you would be more fothcomming rather than being so flippant with your responses... </div></div>
Wow what day is today, let me check my pulse!
In over ten years a very rare lecture to the Doc from Barry?

**Dr.Dudd** · 05-13-2009, 06:53 PM

Re: Jamaican anger over slave trade

<div class="ubbcode-block"><div class="ubbcode-header">Originally Posted By: barosa</div><div class="ubbcode-body"><div class="ubbcode-block"><div class="ubbcode-header">Originally Posted By: Dr.Dudd</div><div class="ubbcode-body"><div class="ubbcode-block"><div class="ubbcode-header">Originally Posted By: barosa</div><div class="ubbcode-body">One punishment was the force feeding of human excrement.
Author for BBC: Clive Myrie

<span style="font-weight: bold">Is this an historical fact?</span> or made up and added to heightened the real impact of slavery. ~ I ask because never in my readings and "studyration" of slavery in Jamaica, did I ever come across anything like that...

The author's name sound Jamaican, but dat no mean nutt'n. If he got it from "reference materials" he should be encouraged to "make it known" while making it public... In this day and age, proof is everything...
____________________________

It's not where you are FROM that matters,
it's where you are heading... </div></div> That was a part of the punishment of slaves in Jamaica.

You should try to read the history stored in the UK. Did you read that they use to throw unsold slaves over board, to clooect insurance for them too>> </div></div>

Doc, you always reply to many a post without dealing with the queries or questions being asked or discussed about the topic in those posts. If you knew, I think you would be more fothcomming rather than being so flippant with your responses... We all know how terrible the institution of slavery was. Did you read and understood what I specifically asked about?... Why did you not made some connection to it instead of going off in generalities? If YOU did read those books stored in the UK then help us out, or help out Mr Myrie by "referencing" his words here. If YOU haven't and Myrie did, then the least You could do, is to get him to "reference" the book, chapter and verse. You may have read EVERYTHING there is to read about Slavery, I'm sure I haven't...
______________________________

It's not where you're FROM that matters,
it's where you are Going... </div></div>

Douglas Hay, George Reid George Reid may refer to:
George Reid (soldier) (1733–1815), American Revolutionary War general
Sir George Reid (Scottish artist) (1841–1913)
Sir George Reid (Australian politician) (1845–1918), Prime Minister of Australia

Andrews, and Kate Chedgzoy for their careful readings of this article, and Jonathan Dalby for sharing with me data from his work in progress on the records of the Jamaican Assize and Grand Courts, held in the Jamaica Archives, Spanish Town. This study is now published as Jonathan Dalby, Crime and Punishment Crime and Punishment (Russian: &#1055;&#1088;&#1077;&#1089;&# 1090;&#1091;&#1087;&#1083;&#1077;& amp;#1085;&#1080;&#1077; &#1080; &#1085;&#1072;&#1082;&#1072;&# 1079;&#1072;&#1085;&#1080;&#1077

is a novel by Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky, that was first published in the in Jamaica: A Quantitative Analysis of the Assize Court Records, 1756-1856 (Mona, Jamaica Mona is a neighbourhood in the southeastern St. Andrew, approximately five miles from Kingston, Jamaica. A former sugar plantation, it is the site of a reservoir serving the city of Kingston and of the main campus of the University of the West Indies. , 2000).

(2.) Some of the more important qualitative and quantitative studies include J. S. Cock-burn, A History of English Assizes, 1558-1714 (Cambridge, 1972); John Beattie, Crime and the Courts in England 1660-1800 (Oxford, 1986); Douglas Hay and others, Albion's Fatal Tree: Crime and Society in Eighteenth Century England (London, 1975); Peter Linebaugh, The London Hanged: Crime and Civil Society in the Eighteenth Century (Cambridge, 1992); and, on church courts, Laura Cowing, Domestic Dangers: Women, Words, and Sex in Early Modem London (Oxford, 1996).

(3.) This does not mean they cannot be studied: memoirs of magistrates, magistrates notebooks, and books of advice to magistrates have all been used to try to reconstruct their work. See Norma Landau lan·dau
n.
1. A four-wheeled carriage with front and back passenger seats that face each other and a roof in two sections that can be lowered or detached.

2. A style of automobile with a similar roof. , The Justices of the Peace, 1679-1760 (Berkeley, 1984); Robert B. Shoemaker, Prosecution and Punishment Petty Crime and the Law in London and Rural Middlesex, c. 1660-1725 (Cambridge, 1991); Douglas Hay, "Patronage, Paternalism paternalism (p·ter&#721;·n , and Welfare: Masters, Workers, and Magistrates in Eighteenth-Century England," International Labor and Working Class History 53 (1998): 27-48.

(4.) As a result of the slave code passed in 1788, slaves indicted INDICTED, practice. When a man is accused by a bill of indictment preferred by a grand jury, he is said to be indicted. for serious crimes were tried at slave courts convened after the regular Quarter Sessions courts, at which verdicts were reached by juries and decisions were recorded. "An Act ... for consolidating and bringing into one the several laws relating to relating to relate prep &#8594; concernant

relating to relate prep &#8594; bezüglich +gen, mit Bezug auf +acc slaves and for giving them further protecting and security for altering the mode of tryal of slaves charged with capital offences and for other purposes," P.R.O. CO 139/44, hereafter In the future.

The term hereafter is always used to indicate a future time—to the exclusion of both the past and present—in legal documents, statutes, and other similar papers. cited as 1788 slave code.

(5.) "An Act for the Better Order and Government of Slaves," P.R.O. CO 139/8, hereafter cited as 1696 slave code.

(6.) The National Library of Jamaica holds copies of the Royal Gazette from 1780 to 1782 and, with a few exceptions, from 1790 on. Other newspapers are available from later periods.

(7.) See for instance Elsa V. Goveia, The West Indian West In·dies

An archipelago between southeast North America and northern South America, separating the Caribbean Sea from the Atlantic Ocean and including the Greater Antilles, the Lesser Antilles, and the Bahama Islands. Slave Lows of the 18th Century (Barbados, 1970); Orlando Patterson Orlando Patterson is a preeminent Jamaican sociologist at Harvard University who is recognized for his many scholarly contributions to his study on ethnicity primarily of those people of African descent and is one of the most cited modern writers in his field. , The Sociology of Slavery: An Analysis of the Origins, Development and Structure of Negro Slave Society in Jamaica (London, 1967); Edward Brathwaite, The Development of Creole Society in Jamaica, 1770-1820 (Oxford, 1971); Neville Hall, "Law and Society in Barbados at the Turn of the Nineteenth Century," Journal of Caribbean History 5 (1972): 20-45. For an attempt to get beyond statute law see two articles by Mindie Lazarus-Black: "John Grant's Jamaica: Notes Towards a Reassessment Reassessment

The process of re-determining the value of property or land for tax purposes.

Notes:
Property is usually reassessed on an annual basis. You may request a "reassessment" if you disagree with your assessment. of Courts in the Slave Era," Journal of Caribbean History 27, no. 2 (1993): 144-159 (which deals only with the courts in which slaves could not be tried) and "Slaves, Masters, and Magistrates: Law and the Politics of Resistance in the British Caribbean, 1736-1834," in Contested States: Low, Hegemony, and Resistance, ed. Mindie Lazarus-Black and Susan F. Hirsch (New York New York, state, United States
New York, Middle Atlantic state of the United States. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean (E), New Jersey and Pennsylvania (S), Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Canadian province of , 1994), pp. 252-280 (which tries to interpre t Caribbean slaves' experience of legal processes, but does so on the basis of very little evidence from the Caribbean, hypothesizing instead on the basis of evidence from North America).

(8.) Elsa V. Goveia, Slave Society in the British Leeward Islands at the End of the Eighteenth Century (New Haven New Haven, city (1990 pop. 130,474), New Haven co., S Conn., a port of entry where the Quinnipiac and other small rivers enter Long Island Sound; inc. 1784. Firearms and ammunition, clocks and watches, tools, rubber and paper products, and textiles are among the many , 1965), pp. 195-6.

(9.) Emilia Viotti da Costa, Crowns of Glory, Tears of Blood: The Demerara Slave Rebellion of 1823 (New York, 1994), pp. 63-74; Mary Turner, "The 11 O'clock Flog: Women, Work, and Labour Law in the British Caribbean," Slavery and Abolition 20, no. 1 (1999): 38-58. The Protector of Slaves was a new judicial position created in some British colonies in the nineteenth century, with responsibility to hear slaves' complaints against their masters, mistresses, and managers.

(10.) Lazarus-Black, "John Grant's Jamaica."

(11.) Studies based on eighteenth century North American slave trial records, which are much better preserved than those from the Caribbean, include Philip J. Schwarz, Twice Condemned: Slaves and the Criminal Laws of Virginia 1705-1865 (Baton Rouge Baton Rouge (b&#259;t`&#601;n rzh) [Fr.,=red stick], city (1990 pop. 219,531), state capital and seat of East Baton Rouge parish, SE La. , 1988); Philip J. Schwarz, Slave Laws in Virginia (Athens, 1996); Betty Wood, "Until He Shall Be Dead, Dead, Dead: The Judicial Treatment of Slaves in Eighteenth-Century Georgia," Georgia Historical Quarterly 71, no. 3 (1987): 377-398; Alan D. Watson, "North Carolina North Carolina, state in the SE United States. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean (E), South Carolina and Georgia (S), Tennessee (W), and Virginia (N). Facts and Figures

Area, 52,586 sq mi (136,198 sq km). Pop. Slave Courts, 1715-1785," North Carolina Historical Review 60, no. 1 (1983): 24-36; Philip D. Morgan, Slave Counterpoint counterpoint, in music, the art of combining melodies each of which is independent though forming part of a homogeneous texture. The term derives from the Latin for "point against point," meaning note against note in referring to the notation of plainsong. : Black Culture in the Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake and Lowcountry (Chapel Hill, 1998), pp. 394-88 and 468-73.

(12.) "Copy of the Record Book of the slave trials of St. Andrew Jamaica from 17 March 1746 to 16 Dec. 1782" enc. in Metcalfe to Russell No 51, 5 April 1840, P.R.O. CO 137/248. I infer that the copy was made in 1834 from a note at the end stating that the first case recorded took place 88 years ago, and the last 52 years ago.

(13.) Of course, the sources from which historians have investigated these topics have generally not been trial records themselves, but depositions taken in advance of trials and judges' addresses to grand juries.

(14.) William Claypole "Land Settlement on the Liguanea Plains, 1655-1700" (MA thesis, University of the West Indies The university consists of three major campuses at Mona in Jamaica, St. Augustine in Trinidad and Tobago, and Cave Hill in Barbados, together with a satellite campus in Mount Hope, Trinidad and Tobago and a Centre for Hotel and Tourism Management in Nassau, Bahamas. , 1973). On Jamaican livestock farms see Verene Shepherd, "Alternative Husbandry husbandry

careful management of e.g. animals. Implies thrifty, humane, caring. See also animal husbandry. : Slaves and Free Labourers on Livestock Farms in Jamaica in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries," Slavery and Abolition 14, no. 1 (1993): 41-66.

(15.) Richard B. Sheridan, Doctors and Slaves: A Medical and Demographic History Demographic history may refer to:
Demographic history of the United States
Demographic history of Macedonia
Demographic history of Montenegro
History of the demographics of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Demographic history of Portugal

of Slavery in the British West Indies British West Indies: see West Indies; West Indies Federation. , 1680-1834 (Cambridge, 1985), pp. 102-3. The figure of 300,00 is the number of slaves imported minus the total re-exported. Figures for St. Andrew are from Robert V. Wells, The Population of the British Colonies in America Before 1776 (Princeton, 1975), p. 198. The white population of Jamaica was also failing to reproduce itself: see Trevor Burnard, "A Failed Settler Society: Marriage and Demographic Failure in Early Jamaica," Journal of Social History 28, no. 1 (1994): 63-82. Burnard takes insufficient account of the fact that the white population's failure to self-reproduce was not only due to its failure to survive long enough to have children, but also because many of the children that white men did father were not considered white because their mothers were women of color not of the white race; - commonly meaning, esp. in the United States, of negro blood, pure or mixed.

See also: Color .

(16.) 1696 slave code. The law stared that the "second offence" of willing or wanton killing would be "deemed Murder," and thus subject to the death penalty. This provision was unusual in British colonial slave societies, but I have found no evidence that it was ever used.

(17.) Richard S. Dunn, Sugar and Slaves: The Rise of the Planter Class in the English West Indies West Indies, archipelago, between North and South America, curving c.2,500 mi (4,020 km) from Florida to the coast of Venezuela and separating the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico from the Atlantic Ocean. , 1624-1713 (New York, 1973), pp. 238-244; "An Act for the Better Ordering and Governing of Negro slaves," P.R.O. CO 139/1 (hereafter cited as 1664 slave code); 1696 slave code; "An Act for the more effectual punishing of Crimes committed by Slaves," 1717, P.R.O. CO 139/8.

(18.) 1664 slave code. This language was also used in the 1674 slave code, "An Act for the Better Ordering and Government of Slaves," P.R.O. CO 139/3.

(19.) Douglas Hall Douglas Hall (born 1953) is a scientist who works in the field of fiber optics. He introduced the Erbium doped fiber amplifier to common usage. Hall is known as Corning Inc.'s "One Billion dollar man". , In Miserable Slavery: Thomas Thistlewood in Jamaica, 1750-86 (London, 1989), p. 46.

(20.) Letter from a Merchant at Jamaica to a Member of Parliament in London touching the African Trade. To which is added, a speech made by a black of Gardaloupe [sic], at the Funeral of a Fellow-Negro (London, 1709).

(21.) This practice was expanded and formalized for·mal·ize
tr.v. for·mal·ized, for·mal·iz·ing, for·mal·iz·es
1. To give a definite form or shape to.

2.
a. To make formal.

b. with the establishment of parish workhouses in the late eighteenth century.

(22.) A full discussion of Jamaican criminal law can be found in Adolph Edwards, "The Development of Criminal Law in Jamaica up to 1900" (PhD Dissertation, University of London For most practical purposes, ranging from admission of students to negotiating funding from the government, the 19 constituent colleges are treated as individual universities. Within the university federation they are known as Recognised Bodies , 1968). See also Goveia, West Indian Slave Laws, pp. 19-35; Brathwaite, Development of Creole Society, pp. 16-20, 292-3; Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, pp. 238-46; Edwin Horatio Watkins, "A History of the Legal System in Jamaica, 1661-1900" (PhD Dissertation, Sheffield University, 1968). The description of the procedures outlined here is based on these sources and the slave codes.

(23.) The summarizer of the St. Andrew document incorrectly declared that "each case [was] adjudged by 5 justices of the peace." In fact, the details of the first case suggest that the law was being followed correctly. The court, it says, was made up of "two of his majesty's justices of the peace ... together with ... three freeholders of the said parish."

(24.) After the passage of the 1788 slave code, slaves were tried before a nine-man jury for felonies and before two magistrates for lesser crimes. The 1816 slave code increased the jury to twelve. There was still no provision for appeal. "An Act for the subsistence subsistence,
n the state of being supported or remaining alive with a minimum of essentials. clothing and the better regulation and government of slaves for enlarging the powers of the council of protection for preventing the improper transfer of slaves and for other purposes," P.R.O. CO 139/62 (hereafter cited as 1816 slave code).

(25.) On Caribbean slave law see Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, pp. 238-46, and Goveia, West Indian Slave Laws. South Carolina's 1690 slave code, which was also the model for Georgia's slave code and was somewhat modified in North Carolina, was based on the Barbados precedent. For an important study of North American slave law, which unfortunately pays no attention to Caribbean precedents, see Thomas D Thomas D. (born Thomas Dürr, December 30 1968 in Ditzingen close to Stuttgart, Germany) is a rapper in the German hip hop group Die Fantastischen Vier. He frequently works on solo projects. Life
After finishing Realschule he took on an apprenticeship as a barber. . Morris, Southern Slavery and Law, 1619-1860 (Chapel Hill, 1996). Alan Watson This article may contain improper references to .
Please help [ improve this article] by removing . , Slave Law in the Americas (Athens, 1989) contains a succinct suc·cinct
adj. suc·cinct·er, suc·cinct·est
1. Characterized by clear, precise expression in few words; concise and terse: a succinct reply; a succinct style.

2. discussion of statutory slave law throughout the Americas, although it makes little attempt to analyze the way in which law was applied. Watson bases most of his discussion of slave law in the English colonies on South Carolina's slave codes, but recognizes their Barbadian background.

(26.) Older comparative studies of slavery frequently placed great weight on the difference between English and Iberian slave law, and often concluded incorrectly that slavery in Brazil and the Spanish colonies was mild. See in particular Frank Tannenbaum Frank Tannenbaum (1893, Austria - 1969, New York) was an Austrian-American sociologist and historian. A notable student of his while at Columbia was Robert Alexander. , Slave and Citizen: The Negro in the Americas (New York, 1947); Herbert S. Klein, Slavery in the Americas: A Comparative Study of Virginia and Cuba (Chicago, 1967). For a more convincing comparative view, see Robin Blackburn Robin Blackburn (born 1940) is a British socialist historian, a former editor of New Left Review, and author of a number of works on Marxism and the history of Slavery in the New World. , The Making of New World Slavery: From the Baroque to the Modern 1492-1800 (London, 1997).

(27.) Douglas Hay, "Property, Authority, and the Criminal Law," in Douglas Hay, et al. Albion's Fatal Tree: Crime and Society in Eighteenth-Century England, (New York, 1975), pp. 17-63, quote on p. 27. Hay does not attend to the law's maintenance of gender hierarchy.

(28.) I have not attempted to analyze the cases by gender. Although it is clear that a large majority of defendants were male, too many of the names are either illegible il·leg·i·ble
adj.
Not legible or decipherable.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

il·legi·bil or not definitely male or female to make it worthwhile presenting quantitative information. Nor have I analyzed the cases by year or in terms of the numbers of defendants involved in each case, although such an analysis could produce interesting results.

(29.) Hall, In Miserable Slavery; Michael Craton craton (kr&#257;`t&#335;n): see continent. and James Walvin, A Jamaican Plantation: The History of Worthy Park 1670-1970 (London and New York, 1970), P. 144.

(30.) The 1788 slave code introduced this distinction.

(31.) My emphasis. 1664, 1674, and 1816 slave codes, and "An Act for Governing Slaves," P.R.O. CO 139/5, 1677. The penalty under the 1816 code was "death, transportation, hard labour for life or limited time or other punishment as the court directs."

(32.) Shelley A. M. Gavigan, "Petit Treason in Eighteenth Century England: Women's Inequality Before the Law," Canadian Journal of Women and the Law 3 (1989-1990): 335-374; Morris, Southern Slavery and the Law, p. 265; Robert J. Steinfeld, The Invention of Free Labor the labor of freemen, as distinguished from that of slaves.

See also: Free : The Employment Relation in English and American Law and Culture, 1350-1870 (Chapel Hill, 1991), pp. 57-9.

(33.) On Tacky's Rebellion of 1760 see Michael Craton, Testing the Chains: Resistance to Slavery in the British West Indies (Ithaca, 1982), ch. 11. On the Wesrmoreland conspiracy see Edwards, "Development of Criminal Law," p. 265.

(34.) Patterson, Sociology of Slavery, p. 189.

(35.) Hall, In Miserable Slavery, pp. 54-56. It is not clear why a guilty verdict could not be obtained on Thistlewood's evidence alone.

(36.) For evidence of this practice in nineteenth century Jamaican slave courts see the records of the Sr. George slave court, 1822-1831, Jamaica Archives 2/18/6.

(37.) Beattie, Crime and the Courts, table 8.3, p. 411. I have added guilty verdicts and partial verdicts partial verdict n. in a criminal trial, when the jury finds the defendant guilty of one or more charges but not guilty of one or more other charges. (See: verdict) , where the jury found the defendant guilty of a lesser crime than she was charged with.

(38.) Goveia, Slave Society in the British Leeward Islands, p. 176.

(39.) Schwarz, Twice Condemned, p. 50; Michael Hindus, "Black Justice under White Law: Criminal Prosecutions of Blacks in Antebellum South Carolina," Journal of American History The Journal of American History (sometimes abbreviated as JAH), is the official journal of the Organization of American Historians. It was first published in 1914 as the Mississippi Valley Historical Review 63, no. 3 (1976): 588.

(40.) In addition the 1 arsonist was found not guilty, as were 2 of the 5 charged with obeah, 2 of the 4 charged with possessing weapons, and both those charged with violence against animals. Of the other crimes, significantly less than 40% were found not guilty.

(41.) Lazarus-Black, "Slaves, Masters, and Magistrates," p. 265.

(42.) David Barry Gaspar, "'To Bring Their Offending Slaves to Justice': Compensation and Slave Resistance in Anrigua, 1669-1773," Caribbean Quarterly 30, nos. 3 and 4 (1984): 45-59. See also David Barry Gaspar, Bondmen and Rebels: A Study of Master-Slave Relations in Antigua: With Implications for Colonial British America British America

See British North America. (Baltimore, 1985). Similar practices existed elsewhere in the British and French Caribbean The term French Caribbean varies in meaning with its usage and frame of reference. This ambiguity makes it very different from the term French West Indies, which refers to the specific, formal French possessions in the Caribbean region. , and in mainland North America, where the first compensation law was passed by Virginia in 1705. For details see Gaspar's article and Goveia, West Indian Slave Laws, pp. 22 and 36; Morris, Southern Slavery and the Law, pp. 253-6; Marvin L. Michael Kay Michael Kay may refer to:
Michael Kay (sports broadcaster), American sports announcer
Michael Kay (software engineer), British XML developer
and Lorin Lee Cary, "'The Planters Suffer Little or Nothing': North Carolina Compensation for Executed Slaves, 1748-1772," Science and Society 40, no. 3 (1976-77): 288-306; Wood, Black Majority, pp. 280-281. The vestry records for Sr. Andrew, which would record payments of compensation, do not survive for this period. However, vestry records from other parishes, held in the Jamaica Archives, suggest that slaveholders usually but nor always received the maximum valuation of [pound]40 for executed slaves.

(43.) Assembly committee report of 1739 and 1740 slave code both quoted in Edwards, "Development of Criminal Law," p. 136.

(44.) Morris, Southern Slavery and the Law, p. 250.

(45.) "An Act for Erecting and Appointing Common Gaols at the Town of Kingston in and for the County of Surrey and at the Town of Savannah Savannah, city, United States
Savannah, city (1990 pop. 137,560), seat of Chatham co., SE Ga., a port of entry on the Savannah River near its mouth; inc. 1789. La Mar for the county of Cornwall," P.R.O. CO 139/20.

(46.) Workhouses were required to advertise the runaway slaves they held in the Royal Gazette. A survey of all available editions found no advertisement placed by the St. Andrew workhouse before January 1799. The workhouse was probably established in 1798, but I was unable to find copies of the Royal Gazette for that year.

(47.) A. Roger Ekirch, Bound for America: The Transportation of British Convicts to the Colonies, 1718-1775 (Oxford, 1987).

(48.) 1696 slave code. If the owner failed to transport the slave, that slave was to receive the death penalty.

(49.) For further discussion of the transportation of slaves see Diana Paton, "'An Injurious in·ju·ri·ous
adj.
1. Causing or tending to cause injury; harmful: eating habits that are injurious to one's health.

2. Population': Race and Slavery in the Transportation of West Indian Convicts," unpublished paper presented at the conference "Colonial Places Colonial Place is a residential neighborhood in Norfolk, Virginia. It is a peninsula bordered by 38th Street on the south, and surrounded on three sides by the Lafayette River. , Convict Spaces: Penal Transportation For other uses see Transport (disambiguation) or Transportation (disambiguation).

Transportation or penal transportation is used to refer to the deporting of convicted criminals to a penal colony, for example by France to Devil's Island and by the United Kingdom (then in Global Context, c. 1600-1940," University of Leicesrer, December 1999.

(50.) John Langbein, Torture and the Law of Proof: Europe and England in the Ancien Regime an·cien ré·gime
n.
1. The political and social system that existed in France before the Revolution of 1789.

2. pl. an·ciens ré·gimes A sociopolitical or other system that no longer exists. (Chicago, 1977), pp. 39-43; Ekirch, Bound for America, pp. 70-86.

(51.) Jonathan Dalby, personal communication.

(52.) Pieter Spierenburg, The Spectacle of Suffering: Executions and the Evolution of Repression (Cambridge, 1984).

(53.) Case of April 1774, in Assize Court, Surrey, Pleas of the Crown PLEAS OF THE CROWN, Eng. law. This phrase is now employed to signify criminal causes in which the king is a party. Formerly it signified royal causes for offences of a greater magnitude than mere misdemeanors. , April 1770-July 1783, Jamaica Archives.

(54.) Jonathan Dalby, personal communication.

(55.) Beattie, Crime and the Courts, p. 462; Arthur N. Gilbert, "Military and Civilian Justice in Eighteenth-Century England: An Assessment," Journal of British Studies The publication of the North American Conference on British Studies, The Journal of British Studies is an academic journal published by the University of Chicago Press aimed at scholars of British culture from the Middle Ages through the present. 17, no. 2 (1978): 51, shows that the average number of lashes in sentences for desertion in military courts was more than 600 throughout the eighteenth century, although many of these sentences were reduced to between 200 and 400 lashes by royal prerogative The Royal Prerogative is a body of customary authority, privilege, and immunity, recognised in common law and, sometimes, in civil law jurisdictions possessing a monarchy as belonging to the King or Queen alone. .

(56.) Beattie, Crime and the Courts, p. 463.

(57.) John Stewart, A View of the Past and Present Stare of the Island of Jamaica; with Remarks on the Moral and Physical Condition of the Slaves, and on the Abolition of Slavery in the Colonies (Edinburgh, 1823), p. 11.

(58.) See Craton, Testing the Chains: Resistance to Slavery in the British West Indies, pp. 213-14.

(59.) Jonathan Dalby, personal communication.

(60.) V.A.C. Gatrell, The Hanging Tree: Execution and the English People Noun 1. English people - the people of England
English

nation, country, land - the people who live in a nation or country; "a statement that sums up the nation's mood"; "the news was announced to the nation"; "the whole country worshipped him" , 1770-1868 (New York, 1994).

(61.) Gavigan, "Petit Treason"; Ruth Campbell, "Sentence of Death by Burning for Women," Journal of Legal History 5, no. 1 (1984): 44-59. Thanks to Doug Hay for these references.

(62.) For examples of the use of aggravated forms of the death penalty in other eighteenth-century British colonial slave societies see Wood, Black Majority, p. 283; Gaspar, Bondmen and Rebels, pp. 22-35; Philip J. Schwarz, "Slaves and Capital Punishment in Virginia Capital punishment is legal in the U.S. commonwealth of Virginia. In what is now the commonwealth of Virginia, the first execution in the future United States was carried out in 1607. It was the first of 1,371 executions, the highest total of any state in the Union. ," in Slave Laws in Virginia (Athens, Georgia Athens-Clarke County is a unified city-county in Georgia, U.S., in the northeastern part of the state, at the eastern terminus of Georgia 316. The University of Georgia is located in this college town and is responsible for the initial creation of Athens and its subsequent growth. , 1996), p. 72; Wood, "Until He Shall Be Dead," pp. 281-2

(63.) W. J. Gardner, A History of Jamaica Jamaica, one of the largest Caribbean islands, was inhabited by arawak natives. When Christopher Columbus arrived at the island, he claimed the land for Spain. Still, it was not truly colonized until after his death. from its Discovery by Christopher Columbus to the Year 1872; Including an Account of its Trade and Agriculture; Sketches of the Manners, Habits, and Customs of all Classes of its Inhabitants
:This article is about the video game. For Inhabitants of housing, see Residency
Inhabitants is an independently developed commercial puzzle game created by S+F Software. Details
The game is based loosely on the concepts from SameGame. ; and a Narrative of the Progress of Religion and Education in the Island. (London, 1971 [1873]), pp. 177-9, quote on p. 178.

(64.) Such instructions were only given from 1767 on, although it is possible that prior to this the public display of severed body parts was standard practice and thus did not have to be specifically ordered.

(65.) Pieter Spierenburg, "The Body and the State: Early Modem Europe," in The Oxford History of the Prison: The Practice of Punishment in Western Society, ed. Norval Morris and David J David J. Haskins (b. April 24, 1957, in Northampton, England) is a British alternative rock musician. He was the bassist for the seminal gothic rock band Bauhaus. Life and work . Rothman (New York, 1995), p. 48.

(66.) Jonathan Dalby, personal communication.

(67.) Thomas D. Morris, "Slaves and the Rules of Evidence in Criminal Trials," ChicagoKent Law Review 68, no. 3 (1993): 1216. This provision was also adopted by North Carolina. Watson, "North Carolina Slave Courts." Wood, Black Majority, p. 273, and Wood, "Until He Shall Be Dead," p. 389, show that similar practices also existed in South Carolina South Carolina, state of the SE United States. It is bordered by North Carolina (N), the Atlantic Ocean (SE), and Georgia (SW). Facts and Figures

Area, 31,055 sq mi (80,432 sq km). Pop. (2000) 4,012,012, a 15. and Georgia.

(68.) Spierenburg, Spectacle of Suffering, pp. 16-23.

(69.) On the role of the cotton tree in Jamaican obeah see Mervyn Alleyne, Roots of Jamaican Culture (London, 1988), p. 86; Richard D. E. Burton, Afro-Creole: Power, Opposition, and Play in the Caribbean (Ithaca, 1997), pp. 99-100; Robert J. Stewart, Religion and Society in Post-Emancipation Jamaica (Knoxville, 1992), pp. 140-142; Mary Turner, Slaves and Missionaries: The Disintegration disintegration /dis·in·te·gra·tion/ (-in?ti-gra´shun)
1. the process of breaking up or decomposing.

2. of Jamaican Slave Society, 1787-1834 (Urbana, 1982), p. 56.

(70.) Trial notes from special slave court, St Dorothy 28 July 1831, enc. in Sligo to Glenelg No 315, 9 Feb. 1836, P.R.O. CO 137/209.

(71.) Creolization, along with the similar concepts metissage and hybridity have been of major concern to recent students of colonial and post-colonial societies. In the Caribbean context important works include Brathwaite, Development of Creole Society, and Burton, Afro-Creole.

(72.) This paragraph is based on Garrell, Hanging Tree; Spierenburg, Spectacle of Suffering; Linebaugh, Landon Hanged; Louis P. Masur, Rites of Execution: Capital Punishment capital punishment, imposition of a penalty of death by the state. History

Capital punishment was widely applied in ancient times; it can be found (c.1750 B.C.) in the Code of Hammurabi. and the Transformation of American Culture, 1776-1865 (New York, 1989); Steven Wilf, "Imagining Justice: Aesthetics and Public Executions in Late Eighteenth-Century England," Yale Journal of Law and the Humanities 5, no. 1 (1993): 51-78; Randall McGowen, "The Body and Punishment in Eighteenth-Century England," Journal of Modern History 59, no. 4(1987): 651-79; Thomas W. Laqueur, "Crowds, Carnivals, and the English State in English Executions, 1604-1868," in The First Modem Society: Essays in English History in Honour of Lawrence Stone Lawrence Stone (December 4, 1919-June 16, 1999) was an English historian of early modern Britain. He is noted for his work on the English Civil War, and marriage. Biography , ed. A. L. Beier, David Cannadine, and James M. Rosenheim (Cambridge, 1989), pp. 305-355.

(73.) Wilf, "Imagining Justice."

(74.) Viotti da Costa, Crowns of Glory, pp. 242-3. Viotti da Costa notes the difference between the quiescence quiescence (kw&#275;es´ens),
n a state of inactivity, quietness, or dormancy. In cell biology, it refers to that period when a cell is not dividing. E.g. at the Demeraran rebels' executions and the executions of political prisoners in England, where supporters came out to cheer. Her description of the rebels' execution suggests greater similarity with executions of non-political prisoners in England.

(75.) Hall, In Miserable Slavery, p. 30.

(76.) John C. Edwards John Cummins Edwards (June 24, 1804 - October 14, 1888) was the Governor of Missouri from 1844 to 1848. He belonged to the Democratic Party. He was born in Frankfort, Kentucky and died in Stockton, California. , "Slave Justice in Four Middle Georgia Middle Georgia refers to the metropolitan area surrounding the city of Macon, in Bibb County in the U.S. state of Georgia.

Similar, and possibly coextensive, named regions include Central Georgia and the Heart of Georgia. Counties," Georgia Historical Quarterly 57, no. 2(1973): 265-73, quotes from pp. 267-8. See also Wood, Black Majority, pp. 283-4.

(77.) Viotti da Costa, Crowns of Glory, p. 231.

(78.) Case of April 1777, in Assize Court, Surrey, Pleas of the Crown, April 1770-July 1783, Jamaica Archives.

(79.) Beattie, Crime and the Courts pp. 461-9, quote on p. 469.

Source: "Copy of the Record Book of the slave trials of St. Andrews
Jamaica from 17 March 1746 to 16 Dec. 1782" enc. in Metcalfe to
Russell No 51, 5 April 1840, P.R.O. CO 137/248.

**Tuff Gong** · 05-13-2009, 07:05 PM

Re: Jamaican anger over slave trade

<div class="ubbcode-block"><div class="ubbcode-header">Originally Posted By: Dr.Dudd</div><div class="ubbcode-body"> Douglas Hay, George Reid George Reid may refer to:
George Reid (soldier) (1733–1815), American Revolutionary War general
Sir George Reid (Scottish artist) (1841–1913)
Sir George Reid (Australian politician) (1845–1918), Prime Minister of Australia

Andrews, and Kate Chedgzoy for their careful readings of this article, and Jonathan Dalby for sharing with me data from his work in progress on the records of the Jamaican Assize and Grand Courts, held in the Jamaica Archives, Spanish Town. This study is now published as Jonathan Dalby, Crime and Punishment Crime and Punishment (Russian: &#1055;&#1088;&#1077;&#1089;&# 1090;&#1091;&#1087;&#1083;&#1077;& amp;#1085;&#1080;&#1077; &#1080; &#1085;&#1072;&#1082;&#1072;&# 1079;&#1072;&#1085;&#1080;&#1077

is a novel by Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky, that was first published in the in Jamaica: A Quantitative Analysis of the Assize Court Records, 1756-1856 (Mona, Jamaica Mona is a neighbourhood in the southeastern St. Andrew, approximately five miles from Kingston, Jamaica. A former sugar plantation, it is the site of a reservoir serving the city of Kingston and of the main campus of the University of the West Indies. , 2000).

(2.) Some of the more important qualitative and quantitative studies include J. S. Cock-burn, A History of English Assizes, 1558-1714 (Cambridge, 1972); John Beattie, Crime and the Courts in England 1660-1800 (Oxford, 1986); Douglas Hay and others, Albion's Fatal Tree: Crime and Society in Eighteenth Century England (London, 1975); Peter Linebaugh, The London Hanged: Crime and Civil Society in the Eighteenth Century (Cambridge, 1992); and, on church courts, Laura Cowing, Domestic Dangers: Women, Words, and Sex in Early Modem London (Oxford, 1996).

(3.) This does not mean they cannot be studied: memoirs of magistrates, magistrates notebooks, and books of advice to magistrates have all been used to try to reconstruct their work. See Norma Landau lan·dau
n.
1. A four-wheeled carriage with front and back passenger seats that face each other and a roof in two sections that can be lowered or detached.

2. A style of automobile with a similar roof. , The Justices of the Peace, 1679-1760 (Berkeley, 1984); Robert B. Shoemaker, Prosecution and Punishment Petty Crime and the Law in London and Rural Middlesex, c. 1660-1725 (Cambridge, 1991); Douglas Hay, "Patronage, Paternalism paternalism (p·ter&#721;·n , and Welfare: Masters, Workers, and Magistrates in Eighteenth-Century England," International Labor and Working Class History 53 (1998): 27-48.

(4.) As a result of the slave code passed in 1788, slaves indicted INDICTED, practice. When a man is accused by a bill of indictment preferred by a grand jury, he is said to be indicted. for serious crimes were tried at slave courts convened after the regular Quarter Sessions courts, at which verdicts were reached by juries and decisions were recorded. "An Act ... for consolidating and bringing into one the several laws relating to relating to relate prep &#8594; concernant

relating to relate prep &#8594; bezüglich +gen, mit Bezug auf +acc slaves and for giving them further protecting and security for altering the mode of tryal of slaves charged with capital offences and for other purposes," P.R.O. CO 139/44, hereafter In the future.

The term hereafter is always used to indicate a future time—to the exclusion of both the past and present—in legal documents, statutes, and other similar papers. cited as 1788 slave code.

(5.) "An Act for the Better Order and Government of Slaves," P.R.O. CO 139/8, hereafter cited as 1696 slave code.

(6.) The National Library of Jamaica holds copies of the Royal Gazette from 1780 to 1782 and, with a few exceptions, from 1790 on. Other newspapers are available from later periods.

(7.) See for instance Elsa V. Goveia, The West Indian West In·dies

An archipelago between southeast North America and northern South America, separating the Caribbean Sea from the Atlantic Ocean and including the Greater Antilles, the Lesser Antilles, and the Bahama Islands. Slave Lows of the 18th Century (Barbados, 1970); Orlando Patterson Orlando Patterson is a preeminent Jamaican sociologist at Harvard University who is recognized for his many scholarly contributions to his study on ethnicity primarily of those people of African descent and is one of the most cited modern writers in his field. , The Sociology of Slavery: An Analysis of the Origins, Development and Structure of Negro Slave Society in Jamaica (London, 1967); Edward Brathwaite, The Development of Creole Society in Jamaica, 1770-1820 (Oxford, 1971); Neville Hall, "Law and Society in Barbados at the Turn of the Nineteenth Century," Journal of Caribbean History 5 (1972): 20-45. For an attempt to get beyond statute law see two articles by Mindie Lazarus-Black: "John Grant's Jamaica: Notes Towards a Reassessment Reassessment

The process of re-determining the value of property or land for tax purposes.

Notes:
Property is usually reassessed on an annual basis. You may request a "reassessment" if you disagree with your assessment. of Courts in the Slave Era," Journal of Caribbean History 27, no. 2 (1993): 144-159 (which deals only with the courts in which slaves could not be tried) and "Slaves, Masters, and Magistrates: Law and the Politics of Resistance in the British Caribbean, 1736-1834," in Contested States: Low, Hegemony, and Resistance, ed. Mindie Lazarus-Black and Susan F. Hirsch (New York New York, state, United States
New York, Middle Atlantic state of the United States. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean (E), New Jersey and Pennsylvania (S), Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Canadian province of , 1994), pp. 252-280 (which tries to interpre t Caribbean slaves' experience of legal processes, but does so on the basis of very little evidence from the Caribbean, hypothesizing instead on the basis of evidence from North America).

(8.) Elsa V. Goveia, Slave Society in the British Leeward Islands at the End of the Eighteenth Century (New Haven New Haven, city (1990 pop. 130,474), New Haven co., S Conn., a port of entry where the Quinnipiac and other small rivers enter Long Island Sound; inc. 1784. Firearms and ammunition, clocks and watches, tools, rubber and paper products, and textiles are among the many , 1965), pp. 195-6.

(9.) Emilia Viotti da Costa, Crowns of Glory, Tears of Blood: The Demerara Slave Rebellion of 1823 (New York, 1994), pp. 63-74; Mary Turner, "The 11 O'clock Flog: Women, Work, and Labour Law in the British Caribbean," Slavery and Abolition 20, no. 1 (1999): 38-58. The Protector of Slaves was a new judicial position created in some British colonies in the nineteenth century, with responsibility to hear slaves' complaints against their masters, mistresses, and managers.

(10.) Lazarus-Black, "John Grant's Jamaica."

(11.) Studies based on eighteenth century North American slave trial records, which are much better preserved than those from the Caribbean, include Philip J. Schwarz, Twice Condemned: Slaves and the Criminal Laws of Virginia 1705-1865 (Baton Rouge Baton Rouge (b&#259;t`&#601;n rzh) [Fr.,=red stick], city (1990 pop. 219,531), state capital and seat of East Baton Rouge parish, SE La. , 1988); Philip J. Schwarz, Slave Laws in Virginia (Athens, 1996); Betty Wood, "Until He Shall Be Dead, Dead, Dead: The Judicial Treatment of Slaves in Eighteenth-Century Georgia," Georgia Historical Quarterly 71, no. 3 (1987): 377-398; Alan D. Watson, "North Carolina North Carolina, state in the SE United States. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean (E), South Carolina and Georgia (S), Tennessee (W), and Virginia (N). Facts and Figures

Area, 52,586 sq mi (136,198 sq km). Pop. Slave Courts, 1715-1785," North Carolina Historical Review 60, no. 1 (1983): 24-36; Philip D. Morgan, Slave Counterpoint counterpoint, in music, the art of combining melodies each of which is independent though forming part of a homogeneous texture. The term derives from the Latin for "point against point," meaning note against note in referring to the notation of plainsong. : Black Culture in the Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake and Lowcountry (Chapel Hill, 1998), pp. 394-88 and 468-73.

(12.) "Copy of the Record Book of the slave trials of St. Andrew Jamaica from 17 March 1746 to 16 Dec. 1782" enc. in Metcalfe to Russell No 51, 5 April 1840, P.R.O. CO 137/248. I infer that the copy was made in 1834 from a note at the end stating that the first case recorded took place 88 years ago, and the last 52 years ago.

(13.) Of course, the sources from which historians have investigated these topics have generally not been trial records themselves, but depositions taken in advance of trials and judges' addresses to grand juries.

(14.) William Claypole "Land Settlement on the Liguanea Plains, 1655-1700" (MA thesis, University of the West Indies The university consists of three major campuses at Mona in Jamaica, St. Augustine in Trinidad and Tobago, and Cave Hill in Barbados, together with a satellite campus in Mount Hope, Trinidad and Tobago and a Centre for Hotel and Tourism Management in Nassau, Bahamas. , 1973). On Jamaican livestock farms see Verene Shepherd, "Alternative Husbandry husbandry

careful management of e.g. animals. Implies thrifty, humane, caring. See also animal husbandry. : Slaves and Free Labourers on Livestock Farms in Jamaica in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries," Slavery and Abolition 14, no. 1 (1993): 41-66.

(15.) Richard B. Sheridan, Doctors and Slaves: A Medical and Demographic History Demographic history may refer to:
Demographic history of the United States
Demographic history of Macedonia
Demographic history of Montenegro
History of the demographics of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Demographic history of Portugal

of Slavery in the British West Indies British West Indies: see West Indies; West Indies Federation. , 1680-1834 (Cambridge, 1985), pp. 102-3. The figure of 300,00 is the number of slaves imported minus the total re-exported. Figures for St. Andrew are from Robert V. Wells, The Population of the British Colonies in America Before 1776 (Princeton, 1975), p. 198. The white population of Jamaica was also failing to reproduce itself: see Trevor Burnard, "A Failed Settler Society: Marriage and Demographic Failure in Early Jamaica," Journal of Social History 28, no. 1 (1994): 63-82. Burnard takes insufficient account of the fact that the white population's failure to self-reproduce was not only due to its failure to survive long enough to have children, but also because many of the children that white men did father were not considered white because their mothers were women of color not of the white race; - commonly meaning, esp. in the United States, of negro blood, pure or mixed.

See also: Color .

(16.) 1696 slave code. The law stared that the "second offence" of willing or wanton killing would be "deemed Murder," and thus subject to the death penalty. This provision was unusual in British colonial slave societies, but I have found no evidence that it was ever used.

(17.) Richard S. Dunn, Sugar and Slaves: The Rise of the Planter Class in the English West Indies West Indies, archipelago, between North and South America, curving c.2,500 mi (4,020 km) from Florida to the coast of Venezuela and separating the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico from the Atlantic Ocean. , 1624-1713 (New York, 1973), pp. 238-244; "An Act for the Better Ordering and Governing of Negro slaves," P.R.O. CO 139/1 (hereafter cited as 1664 slave code); 1696 slave code; "An Act for the more effectual punishing of Crimes committed by Slaves," 1717, P.R.O. CO 139/8.

(18.) 1664 slave code. This language was also used in the 1674 slave code, "An Act for the Better Ordering and Government of Slaves," P.R.O. CO 139/3.

(19.) Douglas Hall Douglas Hall (born 1953) is a scientist who works in the field of fiber optics. He introduced the Erbium doped fiber amplifier to common usage. Hall is known as Corning Inc.'s "One Billion dollar man". , In Miserable Slavery: Thomas Thistlewood in Jamaica, 1750-86 (London, 1989), p. 46.

(20.) Letter from a Merchant at Jamaica to a Member of Parliament in London touching the African Trade. To which is added, a speech made by a black of Gardaloupe [sic], at the Funeral of a Fellow-Negro (London, 1709).

(21.) This practice was expanded and formalized for·mal·ize
tr.v. for·mal·ized, for·mal·iz·ing, for·mal·iz·es
1. To give a definite form or shape to.

2.
a. To make formal.

b. with the establishment of parish workhouses in the late eighteenth century.

(22.) A full discussion of Jamaican criminal law can be found in Adolph Edwards, "The Development of Criminal Law in Jamaica up to 1900" (PhD Dissertation, University of London For most practical purposes, ranging from admission of students to negotiating funding from the government, the 19 constituent colleges are treated as individual universities. Within the university federation they are known as Recognised Bodies , 1968). See also Goveia, West Indian Slave Laws, pp. 19-35; Brathwaite, Development of Creole Society, pp. 16-20, 292-3; Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, pp. 238-46; Edwin Horatio Watkins, "A History of the Legal System in Jamaica, 1661-1900" (PhD Dissertation, Sheffield University, 1968). The description of the procedures outlined here is based on these sources and the slave codes.

(23.) The summarizer of the St. Andrew document incorrectly declared that "each case [was] adjudged by 5 justices of the peace." In fact, the details of the first case suggest that the law was being followed correctly. The court, it says, was made up of "two of his majesty's justices of the peace ... together with ... three freeholders of the said parish."

(24.) After the passage of the 1788 slave code, slaves were tried before a nine-man jury for felonies and before two magistrates for lesser crimes. The 1816 slave code increased the jury to twelve. There was still no provision for appeal. "An Act for the subsistence subsistence,
n the state of being supported or remaining alive with a minimum of essentials. clothing and the better regulation and government of slaves for enlarging the powers of the council of protection for preventing the improper transfer of slaves and for other purposes," P.R.O. CO 139/62 (hereafter cited as 1816 slave code).

(25.) On Caribbean slave law see Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, pp. 238-46, and Goveia, West Indian Slave Laws. South Carolina's 1690 slave code, which was also the model for Georgia's slave code and was somewhat modified in North Carolina, was based on the Barbados precedent. For an important study of North American slave law, which unfortunately pays no attention to Caribbean precedents, see Thomas D Thomas D. (born Thomas Dürr, December 30 1968 in Ditzingen close to Stuttgart, Germany) is a rapper in the German hip hop group Die Fantastischen Vier. He frequently works on solo projects. Life
After finishing Realschule he took on an apprenticeship as a barber. . Morris, Southern Slavery and Law, 1619-1860 (Chapel Hill, 1996). Alan Watson This article may contain improper references to .
Please help [ improve this article] by removing . , Slave Law in the Americas (Athens, 1989) contains a succinct suc·cinct
adj. suc·cinct·er, suc·cinct·est
1. Characterized by clear, precise expression in few words; concise and terse: a succinct reply; a succinct style.

2. discussion of statutory slave law throughout the Americas, although it makes little attempt to analyze the way in which law was applied. Watson bases most of his discussion of slave law in the English colonies on South Carolina's slave codes, but recognizes their Barbadian background.

(26.) Older comparative studies of slavery frequently placed great weight on the difference between English and Iberian slave law, and often concluded incorrectly that slavery in Brazil and the Spanish colonies was mild. See in particular Frank Tannenbaum Frank Tannenbaum (1893, Austria - 1969, New York) was an Austrian-American sociologist and historian. A notable student of his while at Columbia was Robert Alexander. , Slave and Citizen: The Negro in the Americas (New York, 1947); Herbert S. Klein, Slavery in the Americas: A Comparative Study of Virginia and Cuba (Chicago, 1967). For a more convincing comparative view, see Robin Blackburn Robin Blackburn (born 1940) is a British socialist historian, a former editor of New Left Review, and author of a number of works on Marxism and the history of Slavery in the New World. , The Making of New World Slavery: From the Baroque to the Modern 1492-1800 (London, 1997).

(27.) Douglas Hay, "Property, Authority, and the Criminal Law," in Douglas Hay, et al. Albion's Fatal Tree: Crime and Society in Eighteenth-Century England, (New York, 1975), pp. 17-63, quote on p. 27. Hay does not attend to the law's maintenance of gender hierarchy.

(28.) I have not attempted to analyze the cases by gender. Although it is clear that a large majority of defendants were male, too many of the names are either illegible il·leg·i·ble
adj.
Not legible or decipherable.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

il·legi·bil or not definitely male or female to make it worthwhile presenting quantitative information. Nor have I analyzed the cases by year or in terms of the numbers of defendants involved in each case, although such an analysis could produce interesting results.

(29.) Hall, In Miserable Slavery; Michael Craton craton (kr&#257;`t&#335;n): see continent. and James Walvin, A Jamaican Plantation: The History of Worthy Park 1670-1970 (London and New York, 1970), P. 144.

(30.) The 1788 slave code introduced this distinction.

(31.) My emphasis. 1664, 1674, and 1816 slave codes, and "An Act for Governing Slaves," P.R.O. CO 139/5, 1677. The penalty under the 1816 code was "death, transportation, hard labour for life or limited time or other punishment as the court directs."

(32.) Shelley A. M. Gavigan, "Petit Treason in Eighteenth Century England: Women's Inequality Before the Law," Canadian Journal of Women and the Law 3 (1989-1990): 335-374; Morris, Southern Slavery and the Law, p. 265; Robert J. Steinfeld, The Invention of Free Labor the labor of freemen, as distinguished from that of slaves.

See also: Free : The Employment Relation in English and American Law and Culture, 1350-1870 (Chapel Hill, 1991), pp. 57-9.

(33.) On Tacky's Rebellion of 1760 see Michael Craton, Testing the Chains: Resistance to Slavery in the British West Indies (Ithaca, 1982), ch. 11. On the Wesrmoreland conspiracy see Edwards, "Development of Criminal Law," p. 265.

(34.) Patterson, Sociology of Slavery, p. 189.

(35.) Hall, In Miserable Slavery, pp. 54-56. It is not clear why a guilty verdict could not be obtained on Thistlewood's evidence alone.

(36.) For evidence of this practice in nineteenth century Jamaican slave courts see the records of the Sr. George slave court, 1822-1831, Jamaica Archives 2/18/6.

(37.) Beattie, Crime and the Courts, table 8.3, p. 411. I have added guilty verdicts and partial verdicts partial verdict n. in a criminal trial, when the jury finds the defendant guilty of one or more charges but not guilty of one or more other charges. (See: verdict) , where the jury found the defendant guilty of a lesser crime than she was charged with.

(38.) Goveia, Slave Society in the British Leeward Islands, p. 176.

(39.) Schwarz, Twice Condemned, p. 50; Michael Hindus, "Black Justice under White Law: Criminal Prosecutions of Blacks in Antebellum South Carolina," Journal of American History The Journal of American History (sometimes abbreviated as JAH), is the official journal of the Organization of American Historians. It was first published in 1914 as the Mississippi Valley Historical Review 63, no. 3 (1976): 588.

(40.) In addition the 1 arsonist was found not guilty, as were 2 of the 5 charged with obeah, 2 of the 4 charged with possessing weapons, and both those charged with violence against animals. Of the other crimes, significantly less than 40% were found not guilty.

(41.) Lazarus-Black, "Slaves, Masters, and Magistrates," p. 265.

(42.) David Barry Gaspar, "'To Bring Their Offending Slaves to Justice': Compensation and Slave Resistance in Anrigua, 1669-1773," Caribbean Quarterly 30, nos. 3 and 4 (1984): 45-59. See also David Barry Gaspar, Bondmen and Rebels: A Study of Master-Slave Relations in Antigua: With Implications for Colonial British America British America

See British North America. (Baltimore, 1985). Similar practices existed elsewhere in the British and French Caribbean The term French Caribbean varies in meaning with its usage and frame of reference. This ambiguity makes it very different from the term French West Indies, which refers to the specific, formal French possessions in the Caribbean region. , and in mainland North America, where the first compensation law was passed by Virginia in 1705. For details see Gaspar's article and Goveia, West Indian Slave Laws, pp. 22 and 36; Morris, Southern Slavery and the Law, pp. 253-6; Marvin L. Michael Kay Michael Kay may refer to:
Michael Kay (sports broadcaster), American sports announcer
Michael Kay (software engineer), British XML developer
and Lorin Lee Cary, "'The Planters Suffer Little or Nothing': North Carolina Compensation for Executed Slaves, 1748-1772," Science and Society 40, no. 3 (1976-77): 288-306; Wood, Black Majority, pp. 280-281. The vestry records for Sr. Andrew, which would record payments of compensation, do not survive for this period. However, vestry records from other parishes, held in the Jamaica Archives, suggest that slaveholders usually but nor always received the maximum valuation of [pound]40 for executed slaves.

(43.) Assembly committee report of 1739 and 1740 slave code both quoted in Edwards, "Development of Criminal Law," p. 136.

(44.) Morris, Southern Slavery and the Law, p. 250.

(45.) "An Act for Erecting and Appointing Common Gaols at the Town of Kingston in and for the County of Surrey and at the Town of Savannah Savannah, city, United States
Savannah, city (1990 pop. 137,560), seat of Chatham co., SE Ga., a port of entry on the Savannah River near its mouth; inc. 1789. La Mar for the county of Cornwall," P.R.O. CO 139/20.

(46.) Workhouses were required to advertise the runaway slaves they held in the Royal Gazette. A survey of all available editions found no advertisement placed by the St. Andrew workhouse before January 1799. The workhouse was probably established in 1798, but I was unable to find copies of the Royal Gazette for that year.

(47.) A. Roger Ekirch, Bound for America: The Transportation of British Convicts to the Colonies, 1718-1775 (Oxford, 1987).

(48.) 1696 slave code. If the owner failed to transport the slave, that slave was to receive the death penalty.

(49.) For further discussion of the transportation of slaves see Diana Paton, "'An Injurious in·ju·ri·ous
adj.
1. Causing or tending to cause injury; harmful: eating habits that are injurious to one's health.

2. Population': Race and Slavery in the Transportation of West Indian Convicts," unpublished paper presented at the conference "Colonial Places Colonial Place is a residential neighborhood in Norfolk, Virginia. It is a peninsula bordered by 38th Street on the south, and surrounded on three sides by the Lafayette River. , Convict Spaces: Penal Transportation For other uses see Transport (disambiguation) or Transportation (disambiguation).

Transportation or penal transportation is used to refer to the deporting of convicted criminals to a penal colony, for example by France to Devil's Island and by the United Kingdom (then in Global Context, c. 1600-1940," University of Leicesrer, December 1999.

(50.) John Langbein, Torture and the Law of Proof: Europe and England in the Ancien Regime an·cien ré·gime
n.
1. The political and social system that existed in France before the Revolution of 1789.

2. pl. an·ciens ré·gimes A sociopolitical or other system that no longer exists. (Chicago, 1977), pp. 39-43; Ekirch, Bound for America, pp. 70-86.

(51.) Jonathan Dalby, personal communication.

(52.) Pieter Spierenburg, The Spectacle of Suffering: Executions and the Evolution of Repression (Cambridge, 1984).

(53.) Case of April 1774, in Assize Court, Surrey, Pleas of the Crown PLEAS OF THE CROWN, Eng. law. This phrase is now employed to signify criminal causes in which the king is a party. Formerly it signified royal causes for offences of a greater magnitude than mere misdemeanors. , April 1770-July 1783, Jamaica Archives.

(54.) Jonathan Dalby, personal communication.

(55.) Beattie, Crime and the Courts, p. 462; Arthur N. Gilbert, "Military and Civilian Justice in Eighteenth-Century England: An Assessment," Journal of British Studies The publication of the North American Conference on British Studies, The Journal of British Studies is an academic journal published by the University of Chicago Press aimed at scholars of British culture from the Middle Ages through the present. 17, no. 2 (1978): 51, shows that the average number of lashes in sentences for desertion in military courts was more than 600 throughout the eighteenth century, although many of these sentences were reduced to between 200 and 400 lashes by royal prerogative The Royal Prerogative is a body of customary authority, privilege, and immunity, recognised in common law and, sometimes, in civil law jurisdictions possessing a monarchy as belonging to the King or Queen alone. .

(56.) Beattie, Crime and the Courts, p. 463.

(57.) John Stewart, A View of the Past and Present Stare of the Island of Jamaica; with Remarks on the Moral and Physical Condition of the Slaves, and on the Abolition of Slavery in the Colonies (Edinburgh, 1823), p. 11.

(58.) See Craton, Testing the Chains: Resistance to Slavery in the British West Indies, pp. 213-14.

(59.) Jonathan Dalby, personal communication.

(60.) V.A.C. Gatrell, The Hanging Tree: Execution and the English People Noun 1. English people - the people of England
English

nation, country, land - the people who live in a nation or country; "a statement that sums up the nation's mood"; "the news was announced to the nation"; "the whole country worshipped him" , 1770-1868 (New York, 1994).

(61.) Gavigan, "Petit Treason"; Ruth Campbell, "Sentence of Death by Burning for Women," Journal of Legal History 5, no. 1 (1984): 44-59. Thanks to Doug Hay for these references.

(62.) For examples of the use of aggravated forms of the death penalty in other eighteenth-century British colonial slave societies see Wood, Black Majority, p. 283; Gaspar, Bondmen and Rebels, pp. 22-35; Philip J. Schwarz, "Slaves and Capital Punishment in Virginia Capital punishment is legal in the U.S. commonwealth of Virginia. In what is now the commonwealth of Virginia, the first execution in the future United States was carried out in 1607. It was the first of 1,371 executions, the highest total of any state in the Union. ," in Slave Laws in Virginia (Athens, Georgia Athens-Clarke County is a unified city-county in Georgia, U.S., in the northeastern part of the state, at the eastern terminus of Georgia 316. The University of Georgia is located in this college town and is responsible for the initial creation of Athens and its subsequent growth. , 1996), p. 72; Wood, "Until He Shall Be Dead," pp. 281-2

(63.) W. J. Gardner, A History of Jamaica Jamaica, one of the largest Caribbean islands, was inhabited by arawak natives. When Christopher Columbus arrived at the island, he claimed the land for Spain. Still, it was not truly colonized until after his death. from its Discovery by Christopher Columbus to the Year 1872; Including an Account of its Trade and Agriculture; Sketches of the Manners, Habits, and Customs of all Classes of its Inhabitants
:This article is about the video game. For Inhabitants of housing, see Residency
Inhabitants is an independently developed commercial puzzle game created by S+F Software. Details
The game is based loosely on the concepts from SameGame. ; and a Narrative of the Progress of Religion and Education in the Island. (London, 1971 [1873]), pp. 177-9, quote on p. 178.

(64.) Such instructions were only given from 1767 on, although it is possible that prior to this the public display of severed body parts was standard practice and thus did not have to be specifically ordered.

(65.) Pieter Spierenburg, "The Body and the State: Early Modem Europe," in The Oxford History of the Prison: The Practice of Punishment in Western Society, ed. Norval Morris and David J David J. Haskins (b. April 24, 1957, in Northampton, England) is a British alternative rock musician. He was the bassist for the seminal gothic rock band Bauhaus. Life and work . Rothman (New York, 1995), p. 48.

(66.) Jonathan Dalby, personal communication.

(67.) Thomas D. Morris, "Slaves and the Rules of Evidence in Criminal Trials," ChicagoKent Law Review 68, no. 3 (1993): 1216. This provision was also adopted by North Carolina. Watson, "North Carolina Slave Courts." Wood, Black Majority, p. 273, and Wood, "Until He Shall Be Dead," p. 389, show that similar practices also existed in South Carolina South Carolina, state of the SE United States. It is bordered by North Carolina (N), the Atlantic Ocean (SE), and Georgia (SW). Facts and Figures

Area, 31,055 sq mi (80,432 sq km). Pop. (2000) 4,012,012, a 15. and Georgia.

(68.) Spierenburg, Spectacle of Suffering, pp. 16-23.

(69.) On the role of the cotton tree in Jamaican obeah see Mervyn Alleyne, Roots of Jamaican Culture (London, 1988), p. 86; Richard D. E. Burton, Afro-Creole: Power, Opposition, and Play in the Caribbean (Ithaca, 1997), pp. 99-100; Robert J. Stewart, Religion and Society in Post-Emancipation Jamaica (Knoxville, 1992), pp. 140-142; Mary Turner, Slaves and Missionaries: The Disintegration disintegration /dis·in·te·gra·tion/ (-in?ti-gra´shun)
1. the process of breaking up or decomposing.

2. of Jamaican Slave Society, 1787-1834 (Urbana, 1982), p. 56.

(70.) Trial notes from special slave court, St Dorothy 28 July 1831, enc. in Sligo to Glenelg No 315, 9 Feb. 1836, P.R.O. CO 137/209.

(71.) Creolization, along with the similar concepts metissage and hybridity have been of major concern to recent students of colonial and post-colonial societies. In the Caribbean context important works include Brathwaite, Development of Creole Society, and Burton, Afro-Creole.

(72.) This paragraph is based on Garrell, Hanging Tree; Spierenburg, Spectacle of Suffering; Linebaugh, Landon Hanged; Louis P. Masur, Rites of Execution: Capital Punishment capital punishment, imposition of a penalty of death by the state. History

Capital punishment was widely applied in ancient times; it can be found (c.1750 B.C.) in the Code of Hammurabi. and the Transformation of American Culture, 1776-1865 (New York, 1989); Steven Wilf, "Imagining Justice: Aesthetics and Public Executions in Late Eighteenth-Century England," Yale Journal of Law and the Humanities 5, no. 1 (1993): 51-78; Randall McGowen, "The Body and Punishment in Eighteenth-Century England," Journal of Modern History 59, no. 4(1987): 651-79; Thomas W. Laqueur, "Crowds, Carnivals, and the English State in English Executions, 1604-1868," in The First Modem Society: Essays in English History in Honour of Lawrence Stone Lawrence Stone (December 4, 1919-June 16, 1999) was an English historian of early modern Britain. He is noted for his work on the English Civil War, and marriage. Biography , ed. A. L. Beier, David Cannadine, and James M. Rosenheim (Cambridge, 1989), pp. 305-355.

(73.) Wilf, "Imagining Justice."

(74.) Viotti da Costa, Crowns of Glory, pp. 242-3. Viotti da Costa notes the difference between the quiescence quiescence (kw&#275;es´ens),
n a state of inactivity, quietness, or dormancy. In cell biology, it refers to that period when a cell is not dividing. E.g. at the Demeraran rebels' executions and the executions of political prisoners in England, where supporters came out to cheer. Her description of the rebels' execution suggests greater similarity with executions of non-political prisoners in England.

(75.) Hall, In Miserable Slavery, p. 30.

(76.) John C. Edwards John Cummins Edwards (June 24, 1804 - October 14, 1888) was the Governor of Missouri from 1844 to 1848. He belonged to the Democratic Party. He was born in Frankfort, Kentucky and died in Stockton, California. , "Slave Justice in Four Middle Georgia Middle Georgia refers to the metropolitan area surrounding the city of Macon, in Bibb County in the U.S. state of Georgia.

Similar, and possibly coextensive, named regions include Central Georgia and the Heart of Georgia. Counties," Georgia Historical Quarterly 57, no. 2(1973): 265-73, quotes from pp. 267-8. See also Wood, Black Majority, pp. 283-4.

(77.) Viotti da Costa, Crowns of Glory, p. 231.

(78.) Case of April 1777, in Assize Court, Surrey, Pleas of the Crown, April 1770-July 1783, Jamaica Archives.

(79.) Beattie, Crime and the Courts pp. 461-9, quote on p. 469.

Source: "Copy of the Record Book of the slave trials of St. Andrews
Jamaica from 17 March 1746 to 16 Dec. 1782" enc. in Metcalfe to
Russell No 51, 5 April 1840, P.R.O. CO 137/248. </div></div>

Could you <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black'">zero</span> in on the <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black'">excrement section</span>?

**Dr.Dudd** · 05-13-2009, 07:55 PM

Re: Jamaican anger over slave trade

For the least fault the slaves received the harshest punishment. <span style="font-weight: bold"> In 1685 the Negro Code </span>authorised whipping, and in 1702 one colonist, a Marquis, thought any punishment which demanded more than 100 blows of the whip was serious enough to be handed over to the authorities. … But the colonists paid no attention to these regulations and slaves were not unfrequently whipped to death…. The slaves received the whip with more certainty and regularity than they received their food. It was the incentive to work and the guardian of discipline. But there was no ingenuity that fear or a depraved imagination could devise which was not employed to break their spirit and satisfy the lusts and resentment of their owners and guardians – irons on the hands and feet, blocks of wood that the slaves had to drag behind them wherever they went, the tin-plate mask designed to prevent the slaves eating the sugar-cane, the iron collar. Whipping was interrupted in order to pass a piece of hot wood on the buttocks of the victim; salt, pepper, citron, cinder, aloes, and hot ashes were poured on the bleeding wounds. Mutilations were common, limbs, ears, and sometimes the private parts, to deprive them of the pleasures which they could indulge in without expense. Their masters poured burning wax on their arms and hands and shoulders, emptied the boiling cane sugar over their heads, burned them alive, roasted them on slow fires, filled them with gunpowder and blew them up with a match; buried them up to the neck and smeared their heads with sugar that the flies might devour them; fastened them near to nests of ants or wasps; <span style="font-weight: bold">made them eat their excrement, drink their urine,</span> and lick the saliva of other slaves. One colonist was known in his moments of anger to throw himself on his slaves and stick his teeth into their flesh.

--- C.L.R. James (Black Jacobins, pp. 12-13)

Jamaican anger over slave trade

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