black historee month

[Wahalla]

The Haitian Massacre of 1804


After the enslaved Africans defeated the French in 1804 and established Haiti as the first Black country in the Western hemisphere, a mass killing occurred. The Haitian Massacre was an organized ethnic cleansing that was carried out against the remaining white population of French Creoles by the order of Jean-Jacques Dessalines, the first ruler of the independent nation. Throughout the entire territory of Haiti, from early February 1804 until April 22, 1804, 3,000 to 5,000 people of all ages and gender were put to death.

Squads of soldiers moved from house to house, killing white families. White women and children were killed last; Dessalines did not specifically mention that the women should be killed, and the soldiers were reportedly somewhat hesitant to do so. In the end, however, they were also put to death at a later stage of the massacre than the adult men. The argument for killing the women was that whites would not truly be eradicated if the white women were spared to give birth to new Frenchmen.

Dessalines told his army that he ordered the mass killing because of past atrocities committed by the Europeans, especially by the former white French authorities Donatien-Marie-Joseph Rochambeau and Charles Leclerc.

Emperor Dessalines is a hero of mine... He was a Driver as a slave the man who swung the whip........I beleive he had a white lover..but that might have been a figment of CLR James in his radio play...Jean Jacque physical took part at the massacre .....Any way he was the creator of the concept of the Zombii... It arose from a multi racial person who gloried in the name Jean Zombii... Who stopped a white man in the street, stripped him naked frogged marched the man to the palace and there chopped him up...t

Dessalines was cold.. he then announced a amnesty and killed all the white people who came out of hiding...He went Pol Pot .He than conscripted the entire population as either soldiers or covee labour.....

A descentant of his was President of Haiti when the yanki came in... and anotehr was the only black man passanger who died on the Titanic.... But he was a sell out he was married to a white woman...

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I am a huge fan of theman
yep all true and it is forgotten that he was a communist who was an apologist for the soviet union....He was what u describe repeatedly as a sell out having sex with numerous white starlets... while married... Including Dame Peggy Ashcroft... During the so called civil rights movement he was rejected by the civil rights movement and Malolm X.....

realitee iss mii doan respekk robeson legacee.

a latt aff dem civil wrangs men were sellouts

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again yu would describe her as a oyibo plaything after all she had a number of european sexual parnters..As for the topless dancing at the Follie Bergie she was a star...I am sure the prudes and She spent more time living in France than the US .. She was member of the Marqui during WWII, transporting messages and helping allied air men who were shot down......She was awarded the Legion de Honnouir for her service. she survived the Nazi occupation... when she started a ophanage and went bankrupt looking after ophans.. But she did i beleive support the War in Algeria and Vietnam by the French by singing to the troops but i could be wrong... I would love to hear Blackstar take on this.....

yess shi was a mzungu playting ann part aff dat sellout naacp organization

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Some things in life are unforgivable... What Ali did to Fraser outside the ring is one of them.....Nothing Ali did can remidiate from Alis cruety and inhumanity... they were lower than what the rascist did to him....

yess mii agree widd yuh dat oww ali disrespected joe fraizer was wrang. still ali legacee was oww imm inspired ann uplift blakks

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After her husband, Nelson Mandela, was released from prison in 1990, Winnie Mandela shared in his political activities, despite her scandalous reputation. In 1993, Winnie became president of the African National Congress Women's League, and in 1994, she was elected to Parliament. She was re-elected to Parliament in 1999, but resigned in 2003, under a new financial scandal.


Early Career: Social Work

Born Nomzamo Winifred Madikizela on September 26, 1936, in Bizana, a rural village in the Transkei district of South Africa, Winnie Mandela eventually moved to Johannesburg in 1953 to study at the Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work. South Africa was under the system known as apartheid, where citizens of indigenous African descent were subjected to a harsh caste system in which European descendants enjoyed much higher levels of wealth, health and social freedom.

Winnie completed her studies and, though receiving a scholarship to study in America, decided instead to work as the first black medical social worker at Baragwanath Hospital in Johannesburg. A dedicated professional, she came to learn via her field work of the deplorable state that many of her patients lived in.

In the mid-1950s, Winnie met attorney Nelson Mandela, who, at the time, was leader of the African National Congress, an organization with the goal of ending South Africa's apartheid system of racial segregation. The two married in June 1958, despite concerns from Winnie's father over the couple's age difference and Mandela's steadfast political involvements. After the wedding, Winnie moved into Mandela's home in Soweto. She became legally known thereafter as Winnie Madikizela-Mandel.
Confinement and Leadership

Nelson Mandela was routinely arrested for his activities and targeted by the government during his early days of marriage. He was eventually sentenced in 1964 to life imprisonment, leaving Winnie Mandela to raise their two small daughters, Zenani and Zindzi, single-handedly. Nonetheless, Winnie vowed to continue working to end apartheid; she was involved surreptitiously with the ANC and sent her children to boarding school in Swaziland to offer them a more peaceful upbringing.

Monitored by the government, Winnie Mandela was arrested under the Suppression of Terrorism Act and spent more than a year in solitary confinement, where she was tortured. Upon her release, she continued her activism and was jailed several more times. Then after the Soweto 1976 uprisings where hundreds of students were killed, she was forced by the government to relocate to the border town of Brandfort in 1977 and placed under house arrest. She described the experience as alienating and heart-wrenching, yet she continued to speak out, as in a 1981 statement to the BBC on black South African economic might and its ability to overturn the system.

In 1985, after her home was firebombed, Winnie returned to Soweto and continued to agitate against the regime even during government media bans. Her actions continued to cement the title bestowed upon her, "Mother of the Nation." But Winnie also became known for endorsing deadly retaliation against black citizens who collaborated with the apartheid regime.

Freedom and Charges of Violence

Through a complex mix of domestic political maneuvering and international outrage, Nelson Mandela was freed in 1990, after 27 years of imprisonment. The years of separation and tremendous social turmoil had irrevocably damaged the Mandela marriage, however, and the two separated in 1992. Before that, Winnie Mandela was convicted of kidnapping and assaulting Moeketsi; after an appeal, her six-year sentence was ultimately reduced to a fine.

Even with her conviction, Winnie Mandela was elected president of the ANC's Women's League. Then, in 1994, Nelson Mandela won the presidential election, becoming South Africa's first black president; Winnie was subsequently named deputy minister of arts, culture, science and technology. However, due to affiliations and rhetoric seen as highly radical, she was ousted from her cabinet post by her husband in 1995. The couple divorced in 1996, having spent few years together out of almost four decades of marriage.

Winnie Mandela appeared before the nation's Truth and Reconciliation Commission in 1997, and was found responsible for "gross violations of human rights" in connection to the killings and tortures implemented by her bodyguards. While ANC leaders kept their political distance, Winnie still retained a grassroots following. She was re-elected to Parliament in 1999, only to be convicted of economic fraud in 2003. She quickly resigned from her post, though her conviction was later overturned.

Winnie Mandela continues to be a controversial media figure. In a 2010 Evening Standard newspaper interview, she sharply criticized Archbishop Desmond Tutu and her ex-husband, disparaging Nelson Mandela's decision to accept the Nobel Peace Prize with former South African President F.W. de Klerk. Winnie later denied making the statements. In 2012, the British press published an email that Winnie Mandela had composed, in which she criticized the ANC for its general treatment of the Mandela clan.
Legacy and Depictions

Despite the conflicts, Winnie Mandela is still widely revered for her role in ending South Africa's oppressive policies. Her story has been the subject of an opera, books and films. Winnie has been portrayed by many different actresses and in a number of screen productions. She was played by actress Alfre Woodard in the 1987 television movie Mandela; by Sophie Okonedo in the TV movie Mrs Mandela (2010); and by Jennifer Hudson in the 2011 film Winnie, which was produced by Bishop T.D. Jakes.

http://www.biography.com/people/winnie-mandela-9397037?page=2

[lonewolf]

Emperor Dessalines is a hero of mine...

Your hero was a mass murderer. I under stand the circumstances, but murder is still murder.

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Your hero was a mass murderer. I under stand the circumstances, but murder is still murder.

can sey da same thing bout george washington, napolean, etc

stapp gawn like oyinbo nuh herowarship oyinbo mass murderers

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9 People Other Than MLK Jr. Who Sacrificed Their Lives to Fight For Black Liberation

Black history has been celebrated in America throughout the month of February since 1976, and 50 years prior in Negro History Week. During this time, classrooms across America typically engage in activities from plays and artwork to writing assignments that highlight the contributions of Black people.

Despite its nearly 100-year history, Black History Month often excludes the contributions of African and Caribbean-born leaders and even some American-born leaders, who get buried beneath staples such as civil rights activists Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks. These leaders and activists have earned their rightful place in history, however a disservice is done to countless other leaders from around the world who too fought for Black liberation.

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9 People Other Than MLK Jr. Who Sacrificed Their Lives to Fight For Black Liberation

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Patrice Lumumba, 35 (July 2, 1925 – Jan. 17, 1961)

Patrice Lumumba was the first democratically elected leader of what is now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Lumumba was a Pan-Africanist who spoke boldly and bravely against the atrocities of colonialism and passionately about a united Congo with full political and economic independence.

The Congo, considered then to be Africa’s richest country, had been a colony of Belgium since the late 1800s, which ruled over it with brutality while plundering its natural resources. Lumumba’s vision for making the Congo the “pride of Africa” through true political and economic independence was a threat to the Belgians and the United States who were not prepared to relinquish full control of the country’s resources and labeled him a communist.

The CIA, acting under the orders of U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower, conspired but failed to assassinate Lumumba via poisoning. Instead, the United States and Belgium covertly funneled cash and to aid rival politicians headed by Joseph Désiré Mobutu, who seized power and arrested Lumumba.

According to Amy Goodman of Democracy Now, on Jan. 17, 1961, after being beaten and tortured, Lumumba was shot and killed by a firing squad along with his newly appointed ministers Maurice Mpolo and Joseph Okito.

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9 People Other Than MLK Jr. Who Sacrificed Their Lives to Fight For Black Liberation

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Stephen Bantu Biko, 30 (Dec. 18, 1946 – Sept. 12, 1977)

Steve Biko, regarded as an icon in the anti-apartheid movement, founded several organizations in an effort to mobilize Black people against the racist apartheid regime in South Africa. Biko co-founded the South African Students’ Organization in 1968, an all-Black student organization focusing on the resistance of apartheid. He later founded the Black Consciousness Movement (BCM), which would empower and mobilize much of the urban Black population, and co-founded the Black People’s Convention in 1972.

The BCM gained the most ground as it not only called for resistance to the policy of apartheid and more rights for South African Blacks, but also helped to instill Black pride among Black people in the country.

Biko was arrested many times for his anti-apartheid activism. On Sept. 12, 1977, Biko died in police custody from injuries he sustained from the arresting officers. In 1997, five officers confessed to killing Biko after reportedly filling an application for amnesty to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.

da truth and reconciliation was a joke

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9 People Other Than MLK Jr. Who Sacrificed Their Lives to Fight For Black Liberation

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Thomas Sankara, 37 (Dec. 21, 1949 – Oct. 15, 1987)

Thomas Sankara, known as “Africa’s Che Guevara,” became head of Burkina Faso in 1983 after leading a coup d’état against the corrupt government. Formerly called Upper Volta, Sankara renamed his country Burkina Faso, meaning “Land of Upright People.”

Sankara was a Pan-Africanist who fought to create a self-sufficient and economically thriving population by eliminating rampant corruption through the country’s political ranks, and relieving the nation from dependence on its former French colonial power and on other foreign aid.

According to Sankara’s biography, “His foreign policies were centered around anti-imperialism, with his government eschewing all foreign aid, pushing for odious debt reduction, nationalizing all land and mineral wealth, and averting the power and influence of the International Monetary Fund and World Bank. His domestic policies were focused on preventing famine with agrarian self-sufficiency and land reform, prioritizing education with a nationwide literacy campaign, and promoting public health.”

Other Sankara achievements include environmental protection and reforestation of the Sahel, and promoting women rights by outlawing female genital mutilation, forced marriages and polygamy. He also appointed women to high governmental positions.

Sankara along with 13 other officials were assassinated in a hail of bullets in October 1987 in a coup d’état masterminded by his former close ally, Blaise Compaoré, who was backed by the French.

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People Other Than MLK Jr. Who Sacrificed Their Lives to Fight For Black Liberation

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Medgar Wiley Evers, 37 (July 2, 1925 – June 12, 1963)

Medgar Evers was an African-American civil rights activist from Mississippi, who would become the first field secretary of the NAACP in the state, and help to integrate the University of Mississippi.

Evers helped organize boycotts and set up new local chapters of the NAACP. He became a bigger target for white supremacists after he began investigating the murder of Emmett Till and expressed his support of Clyde Kennard, a student who tried to attend the then-segregated Mississippi Southern College.

Several attempts were made on Evers’ life, including on May 28, 1963, when a Molotov cocktail was thrown into the carport of his home; and on June 7, 1963, when he was nearly run down by a car after he emerged from the Jackson NAACP office.

Finally, in the early morning of June 12, 1963, Evers reportedly pulled into his driveway after returning from a meeting with NAACP lawyers. Emerging from his car carrying NAACP T-shirts that read “Jim Crow Must Go,” Evers was struck in the back with a bullet fired from an Enfield 1917 rifle. He was pronounced dead at the hospital.

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People Other Than MLK Jr. Who Sacrificed Their Lives to Fight For Black Liberation

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Prince Louis Rwagasore, 29 (Jan. 10, 1932 — Oct. 13, 1961)

Rwagasore’s reign as the prime minister of Ruanda-Urundi was short-lived. Ruanda-Urundi at the time was under Belgian and Germany rule and populated by the Twa, Hutu and Tutsi peoples.

According to rwagasore.com, Rwagasore was “an emblematic figure of the anti-colonial struggle” and directly linked to the independence of Burundi through the formation of the multi-ethnic unity party, Union for National Progress (UPRONA). UPRONA urged the local population to boycott Belgian stores and refuse to pay taxes.

The country claimed complete independence on July 1, 1962, and legally changed its name from Ruanda-Urundi back to Burundi. Two weeks later, Rwagasore was assassinated in a plot organized by a Belgian-supported rival to the throne.

Rwagasore believed the Belgian colonial rule pitched the Hutus and Tutsis against each other. In an effort to play down the ethnic divisions between the groups, Rwagasore married a woman many believed was Hutu.

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People Other Than MLK Jr. Who Sacrificed Their Lives to Fight For Black Liberation

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Harry Moore, 45 (Nov. 18, 1905 – Dec. 25, 1951) and Harriette Moore, 50 (June 19, 1902 – Jan. 3, 1952)

Harry and Harriette Moore were a husband and wife team of civil rights activists and teachers who founded the NAACP in Brevard County, Fla.

In the early 1940s, Harry Moore became an unpaid executive secretary for the NAACP. According to pbs.org, “[Moore] began churning out eloquent letters, circulars, and broadsides protesting unequal salaries, segregated schools and the disenfranchisement of Black voters.”

Harry Moore continued his political activism and reportedly investigated every lynching case in Florida until his death.

He also led the Progressive Voters League. Between 1944 and 1950, he succeeded in increasing the registration of Black voters in Florida to 31 percent of those eligible to vote, markedly higher than in any other Southern state.

Moore would later become a full-time organizer for the NAACP after both he and his wife were fired from their teaching jobs.

In 1951, the Moores were killed when their home was bombed by the Ku Klux Klan. The Moores were reportedly the first NAACP members to be murdered for their civil rights activism. Moore has been called the first martyr of the 1950s-era civil rights movement.

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People Other Than MLK Jr. Who Sacrificed Their Lives to Fight For Black Liberation

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Ruben Um Nyobé, 45 (1913 – Sept. 13, 1958)

Ruben Um Nyobé, known as the father of Cameroon’s independence was a freedom fighter and an anti-imperialist leader.

He was a key figure in the creation the Cameroon’s People Union (UPC) in 1948, which engaged in armed struggle to obtain independence and reunification of both the British and French Cameroons.

On April 22, 1955, the UPC published the “Proclamation Commune” or “Common Proclamation,” which was considered by French authorities to be a provocation and a unilateral declaration of independence.

French colonialists banned and exiled members of the UPC and over the next decade key members of the armed struggle were assassinated.

Nyobé was killed by the French army in 1958. Felix Moumié, president of the UPC at the time, was poisoned in Geneva in October 1960, by the French secret service. The UPC continued its armed struggle until the arrest in August 1970 of Ernest Ouandié, who was shot six months later in January 1971. Meanwhile another leader of UPC, Osendé Afana, was killed in the southeast in March 1966.